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OBJECTIVE@#The barks, leaves, and branches of Cinnamomum cassia have been historically used as a traditional Chinese medicine, spice, and food preservative, in which phenylpropanoids are responsible compounds. However phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways are not clear in C. cassia. We elucidated the pathways by descriptive analyses of differentially expressed genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as well as to identify various phenylpropanoid metabolites.@*METHODS@#Chemical analysis, metabolome sequencing, and transcriptome sequencing were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the difference of active components content in the barks, branches and leaves of C. cassia.@*RESULTS@#Metabolomic analysis revealed that small amounts of flavonoids, coumarine, and cinnamaldehyde accumulated in both leaves and branches. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes associated with phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis were downregulated in the leaves and branches relative to the barks. The observed differences in essential oil content among the three tissues may be attributable to the differential expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolic pathways.@*CONCLUSION@#This study identified the key genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway controling the flavonoid, coumarine, and cinnamaldehyde contents in the barks, branches and leaves by comparing the transcriptome and metabolome. These findings may be valuable in assessing phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolites and identifying specific candidate genes that are related to the synthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids in C. cassia.
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Six month old Cinnamomum cassia seedlings were used to simulate drought stress with polyethylene glycol(PEG 6000). The physiological indicators(osmotic substances, antioxidant enzymes, etc.) and chemical components of seedlings under different drought levels and the correlation between the two were studied. The results showed that the chlorophyll content and relative water content decreased gradually with the increase of PGE 6000(0, 5%, 10%, 15%) concentration and time(3, 5, 7 d), while the soluble protein content, soluble sugar content and catalase(CAT) activity increased, but the rising rate slowed down with the time. The activities of peroxidase(POD), superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline content increased at first and then decreased. The content of coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid and dimethoxycinnamaldehyde decreased, while the content of cinnamyl alcohol continued to increase.Under drought stress, the fluorescence signals of reactive oxygen species and no contents in roots of C. cassia seedlings were significantly stronger than those of the control.Further correlation analysis showed that coumarin content, di-methoxycinnamaldehyde content and osmoregulation substance content were significantly negatively correlated(P<0.05), cinnamic acid content was significantly negatively correlated with POD and SOD activities(P<0.01).It was found that C. cassia seedlings showed a certain degree of drought tolerance under short-term or mild drought stress, but if the drought exceeded a certain degree, the physiological metabolism of the seedlings would be unbalanced.
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Catalase , Cinnamomum aromaticum , Droughts , Malondialdehyde , Seedlings , Stress, Physiological , Superoxide DismutaseABSTRACT
Objective:To screen out stable internal reference genes suitable for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） analysis of different parts of<italic> Cinnamomum cassia</italic> and <italic>C. cassia</italic> var. <italic>macrophyllum</italic>，in order to provide stable internal reference genes for gene expression analysis of three different parts of and <italic>C. cassia</italic> var.<italic> macrophyllum</italic> branches and leaves. Method:With 6 different tissues and organs， such as bark，branches and leaves of two plants of <italic>C. cassia</italic> and <italic>C. cassia</italic> var. <italic>macrophyllum</italic> as experimental materials，Real-time PCR technology was used to detect the five internal reference genes， namely glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase（GAPDH），actin，ubiquitin-ligase enzymes（UBE），histone and tubin（TUB）. The analysis of the expression of the data. Furthermore， three commonly used internal reference gene analysis software，namely geNorm，NormFinder and BestKeeper，was used to analyze and evaluate the stability of the candidate internal reference gene. Result:The internal five reference genes were expressed in the bark，branches and leaves of the two plants，but with differences in stability. Comprehensive analysis showed that the expression stability of candidate internal reference genes was in the order of GAPDH>actin>UBE>histone>TUB. The internal reference genes of the two plants were analyzed separately，and the optimal internal reference gene was still GAPDH，indicating that GAPDH was the most suitable internal reference gene. TUB and histone ranked low in the three software，and should be eliminated in the screening of reference genes. They were not suitable for gene expression analysis of <italic>C. cassia </italic>and <italic>C. cassia</italic> var. <italic>macrophyllum</italic>. Conclusion:The most suitable internal reference gene for different parts of cinnamon，branches，and leaves of <italic>C. cassia</italic> and <italic>C. cassia</italic> var. <italic>macrophyllum</italic> was GAPDH. In this study，a screening system for internal reference genes of Real-time PCR of <italic>C. cassia</italic> and <italic>C. cassia</italic> var. <italic>macrophyllum</italic> was established to provide theoretical basis for studying functional regulation and expression of genes during the accumulation of effective components in different parts.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a method of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) for determining four essential oils (cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde) in Cinnamomum cassia, and provide the experimental base for establishing the quality standard of Cinnamomum cassia. METHODS: Cinnamaldehyde was used as the internal reference standard, and the relative correction factors (RCF) of cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, and 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomum cassia were calculated. The contents of the four components were determined by both external standard method and QAMS. The validity of the QAMS method was evaluated by comparison of the quantitative results of both methods. RESULTS: The RCFs had good reproducibility, relative correction factor 0.673, 0.605 and 1.943, with RSDs of 0.529%, 0.373%, and 0.759%, respectively. No significant differences were found in the quantitative analysis results of cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde by using RCF and ESM. CONCLUSION: In the absence of reference substance, the content determination of the four essential oils in Cinnamomum cassia can be realized by QAMS, and this method can be used in the multi-index evaluation of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil constituents. It is suggested that the standard for cinnamaldehyde content be increased to 2.5%, and the contents of total cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid and 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde be not less than 0.2%.
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Objective: In this study, a two-classification model based on the idea of “ingredient-efficacy” was established for the quality classification of Cinnamomum cassia with considerations to quality control components and biological activities. Methods: A method to determine quality control components was proposed by UPLC. The in vitro anti-oxidant activity of C. cassia was reflected by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging experiment. The quality control index and anti-oxidant index were correlated by a Logistic algorithm. Finally, a binary logistic regression model for classification of C. cassia was established. Results: UPLC fingerprints of 20 samples of C. cassia were established, and their anti-oxidant activities were determined. Four quality control components (coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde) were screened out by principal component analysis, and their methodological validation was carried out. According to the regression equation, 20 batches of C. cassia were divided into four grades: excellent, good, medium, and poor. Conclusion: The binary logistic regression model can describe the mapping relationship between the grade of C. cassia. It can better express the classification standard for the prepared C. cassia. This study provides a new idea for quality evaluation of C. cassia.
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Type II diabetes is known to cause neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. However, cardiovascular disorders associated with diabetes have been ignored. In traditional medicine, cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) bark has been used for its abilities to relieve fever, inflammation and chronic bronchitis. In the present study, the effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract (CN) on the thoracic aorta in an experimental type II diabetes model was investigated. In rats administered with nicotinamide + streptozotocin, significant endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress were characterised by increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased insulin/proinsulin levels. This impairment was prevented by administering 1000 mg/kg metformin or 500-1000-1500 mg/kg CN. CN administration attenuated the inflammatory response by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and increasing Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH). In addition, CN administration was shown to cause down-regulating effects on iNOS in thoracic aorta. These findings reveal that CN could prevent chronic complications of experimentally induced type II diabetes by attenuating inflammation, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, and normalised contraction and relaxion responses in the thoracic aorta.
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Animals , Female , Rats , Oxidative Stress , Cinnamomum aromaticum/adverse effects , Plant Extracts/classification , Cardiovascular Abnormalities , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Cinnamomum cassia, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, is mainly distributed in tropical areas. Its genuine producing areas contain Guangdong Province, Guangxi Province and parts of Vietnam. The chemical composition is rich in C. cassia, including volatile oil, flavanol, terpenoids, ligans, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, etc. Traditionally, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid from volatile oil are its main effective components. In this paper, the resource, chemical composition and main pharmacological activities of C. cassia were summarized. And on this basis, the relationship between chemical components and drug efficacy, including the volatile oil, polyphenols, flavanol, and diterpenoids, as well as the relationships between biogenetic ways, traditional efficacy, modern pharmacological effects and chemical composition were analyzed. It is suggested that identification and quantification of volatile oil, polyphenols, flavanol and diterpenoids should be carried out and the further research of the chemical group of polyphenols and terpenoids from C. cassia should be focused, which could provide basis for clarifying the quality marker (Q-marker) and establishing scientific quality standards of C. cassia.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the barks and leaves of Cinnamomum cassia.Methods: The crude extracts of the barks and leaves of Cinnamomum cassia were extracted by ethanol, the chemical constituents of the crude extracts were separated and purified by chromatographic methods and identified by spectroscopic analysis.Results: Five lignans were separated from the barks and two lignans were separated from the leaves of Cinnamomum cassia as follows: (7S,8R)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9'-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 1,2,3-propanetriol,1--3-methoxyphenyl-(1R,2R) (2), (6R,7R,8R)-7a-lyoniresinol (3), (6S,7R,8R)-7a-lyoniresinol (4), (6R,7S,8S)-7a-lyoniresinol (5),(+)-lariciresinol(6), (-)-4-epi-lyoniresinol (7).Conclusion: All the lignans are isolated from Cinnamomum cassia for the first time.
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Objective To research the extraction conditions of cinnamon polyphenols with defatted cinnamon bark powder. Methods Cinnamon bark powder was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to de-fat firstly and then the effects of extraction time, ethanol concentration, ratio of feed to liquid, and extraction temperature on the extraction ratio of polyphenols were investigated in detail. Results The result shows that the optimum extraction conditions of cinnamon polyphenols from the defatted cinnamon bark powder are: extraction time 2 h, ethanol concentration 55%, feed liquid ratio 1:8, and temperature 60 ℃. Under the above conditions, the extracted ratio of the polyphenols from the defatted cinnamon bark powder went up to 106.4 mg/g and the yield of cinnamon bark extract went up to 20.7%. The content of polyphenols in the dry extract was 51.4%, which was much higher than that from the original cinnamon powder while the content of coumarin of the extract was 104 μg/g. Conclusion The defatting of cinnamon powder by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction in advance can greatly increase the yield of cinnamon polyphenols and reduce the content of coumarin in the cinnamon bark extract.
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Crude drugs that feature the name “gui” have appeared in classical medicinal textbooks with different names,and the correspondence between their names and origins remains the subject of research and discussion. In the present study, we investigated these correspondences using the descriptions in the annotations of the Bencaojingjizhu and through our previous study that revealed the standards of weights and measures in this book. Based on this investigation, we strongly speculate that “gui” in the Bencaojingjizhu was the branch skin of Cinnamomum cassia (C. cassia) (corresponding to cinnamon sticks in the market), which fits with the descriptions about the length and weight of “gui” -related crude drugs in this book. We measured the contents of cinnamic aldehyde and coumarin in the branch skin of C. cassia, and compared these to contents in other crude drugs related to “gui” that can be obtained on the market. The contents of these two compounds in the branch skin of C. cassia were similar to those in the bark of C. cassia from Vietnam that meets the standards for cinnamon bark in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and is regarded as high-grade in the market. These results support our speculation, and it might be possible that the branch skin of C. cassia can be used as medicine instead of cinnamon bark.
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PURPOSE: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum. cassia and C. aromaticum) on the glycemic response with a focus on the preparation of dehydrated powder and water extract. METHODS: We searched Pubmed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Science Direct, and the Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) through May 2017. In the meta-analysis for the preparation of powder, eight trials reporting fasting blood glucose (FBG), four trials reporting HbA1c, and three trials reporting the postprandial glycemic response were included. For the water extract, six trials reporting FBG and four trials reporting HbA1c were eligible for this study. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect size. RESULTS: Cassia cinnamon powder intake significantly lowered FBG by −1.55 mmol/L (95% CI, −2.45, −0.64; p = 0.001) and the AUC of postprandial blood glucose level by −51.8 mmol/L·min (95% CI, −85.5, −18.1; p = 0.003). There was a significant difference in FBG between water extract of cinnamon and placebo of −0.76 mmol/L (95% CI, −1.09, −0.43; p = 0.000). However, blood HbA1c level was not significantly altered by any preparation of cinnamon. No statistical heterogeneity was observed for any analysis except in the case of FBG for cinnamon powder. Results of funnel plots and Egger's regression suggest a low likelihood of publication bias in all biomarkers (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to this meta-analysis, there was possible evidence to support a relationship between cassia cinnamon intake and fasting glucose in both preparation of powder and water extract. Furthermore, new evidence of the health benefits on postprandial glucose regulation of cinnamon powder was obtained.
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Area Under Curve , Biomarkers , Blood Glucose , Cassia , Cinnamomum aromaticum , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Fasting , Glucose , Information Services , Insurance Benefits , Population Characteristics , Publication Bias , WaterABSTRACT
The network pharmacology gradually expands its applications to the drug development and mechanism research. The present work aims to predict the targets and the mechanisms of "warming channel and relieving stagnation" effects of Cinnamomum cassia Presl, especially the effect of promoting blood circulation, by means of reverse pharmacophore mapping, database mining, and some other methods. The results suggest that the main efficient components of C. cassia were procyanidins, diterpenoids, lignans, and so on, and its potential targets include fibrinogen, coagulation factor X, etc. After bioinformatics analysis, the potential influenced biological pathways were disclosed to be VEGF pathway, PDGF pathway, etc. Based on the targeted proteins and pathway forecasting workflow, a cinnamon-centered biological information network was established and the subnetwork relating to cardiovascular activity, especially antithrombotic activity, was extracted. Through this study, we establish a network pharmacology analytical guideline consisting of "potential active components screening-target prediction-metabolic pathway analysis" for traditional Chinese medicine, which provides a new idea and method to clarify the mechanisms of "warming channel and relieving stagnation" effects of C. cassia, and gives the possible directions for the following related activity and mechanism researches. Meanwhile, the method also provide a reference to others in the study of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Objective:To simultaneously separate 5 phenylpropanoids from Cinnamomum cassia by semi-preparative HPLC, and explore their immunosuppressive activity. Methods:After extracted by ethanol, the ethyl acetate part of Cinnamomum cassia was isola-ted by semi-preparative HPLC. The separation was conducted on an Ultimate XB-C18 (250 mm × 10 mm, 5μm) semi-preparative chro-matographic column and the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water with gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 330 nm, and the flow rate was 2. 5 ml·min-1 . The sample volume was 0. 3 ml. MS and NMR spectroscopic analysis were used to determine the config-urations. A CCK-8 method was used to detect the immunosuppressive activity of phenylpropanoids. Results: Totally 5 phenylpro-panoids were separated from Cinnamomum cassia by the semi-preparative HPLC, and identified as erythro-guaiacylglycerol, (7R,8S)-syringoylglycerol, (7S,8S)-syringoylglycerol, 3-methoxyphenyl-acrylaldehyde and O-methoxy cinnamaldehyde. The inhibitory rates of T cells and B cells of the compound 3 was more than 20% at the concentration of 800μmol·L-1 . Conclusion:The method is conven-ient with good separation effect, which can simultaneously separate 5 phenylpropanoids from Cinnamomum cassia, and among them, the compound 3 shows immunosuppressive effect to some extent.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore the transform of the medicinal properties of Coptis chinensis-Cinnamomum cassia couplet medicines before and after mixing. METHODS:Mice were randomly divided into normal group,weak constitution (induced by food restriction and swimming) group,weak constitution+C. chinensis group,weak constitution+C. cassia group,weak constitu-tion+couplet medicine group,prosperous constitution (induced by high protein diet) group,prosperous constitution+C. chinensis group,prosperous constitution+C. cassia group and prosperous constitution+couplet medicine group,with 10 mice in each group. After modeling,each group was given relevant medicine intragastrically by 20 g(crude drug)/(kg·d),and normal group was giv-en equivalent volume of normal saline intragastrically for consecutive 7 days. The proportion of rats remained in high-temperature ar-eas was recorded. Organ index,biochemical index(Na+/K+-ATPase,Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase),total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC),SOD activity,the serum content of noradrenalin and dopamine were detected. RESULTS:Compared with normal group,proportion of mice in high-temperature area increased in weak constitution group,while liver index,spleen index,renal index,biochemical in-dex activity or content decreased(P<0.05);the change of above index in prosperous constitution group were opposite to weak con-stitution group;above index had statistical significance except for the proportion of mice in high-temperature area(P<0.05). Com-pared with weak constitution/prosperous constitution group,the proportion of mice remained in high-temperature area and liver in-dex increased in weak constitution/prosperous constitution+C. chinensis group,while biochemical index activity or content de-creased(P<0.05);the change of above index in weak constitution/prosperous constitution+C. cassia group were opposite to C. chi-nensis group,spleen index and renal index increased(P<0.05);the proportion of rats remained in high-temperature area increased in weak constitution/prosperous constitution couplet medicine group,and biochemical index activity or content decreased,among which total antioxidant activity decreased significantly(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The couplet medicine manifests the“cold na-ture”after C. chinensis and C. cassia equally paired,because“hot nature”degree of C. cassia is lower than“cold nature”of C. chi-nensis.
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Objective To study the treatment effect of cinnamaldehyde on Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm(BF) in vitro .Meth‐ods The models of A .fumigatus BF were established in vitro ;the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) on A .fumigatus was measured .The crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy were employed to determined the treatment effect of A .fumiga‐tus biofilm under varying concentrations of cinnamaldehyde .Results BF models were established successfully in vitro .MIC value of A .fumigatus of cinnamaldehyde was 256 μg/mL ;The biofilm biomass in serially increasing concentrations of cinnamaldehyde(1 MIC ,1/2 MIC ,1/4 MIC)were 0 .81 ± 0 .11 ,1 .13 ± 0 .18 and 1 .59 ± 0 .11 respectively .Compared to untreated control group(2 .18 ± 0 .15) ,difference achieved statistical significance(P<0 .05) .SEM studies revealed the deformity of three‐dimensional structures of biofilms treated with sub‐MICs of cinnamaldehyde .Conclusion Cinnamaldehyde has significant antifungal activity against Aspergil‐lus fumigatus ,sub‐MICs could disrupt the mature biofilm in vitro .
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The present study evaluated the effects of a mixture of Galla rhois and Cinnamomum cassia extracts (GCE) (1 : 1, w/w) on susceptibility to the colonization of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni in broilers. Eighty two-week-old broilers (n = 20 per group) were used to estimate the efficacy of GCE against C. jejuni infection via drinking water. Antibacterial activity testing revealed that the minimum bactericidal concentration of GCE against C. jejuni was 2.5 mg/mL. Broilers challenged with C. jejuni were administered 0.0 (Non-GCE), 2.5 (GCE-2.5), 5.0 (GCE-5.0) and 10.0 g/L (GCE-10) GCE for 7 days, and the cecal contents were collected from five broilers per group on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th day post-treatment. On day 3 post-administration, the number of C. jejuni in GCE-5.0 (p < 0.05) and GCE-10 (p < 0.01) was significantly decreased relative to Non-GCE, while on day 7 those in all GCE-treated groups were significantly decreased compared to the Non-GCE group (p < 0.001). Hematological and blood biochemical analysis revealed no significant differences in parameters between the Non-GCE and GCE-treated groups. Based on the results of the present study, GCE was identified as a safe and alternative candidate to suppress C. jejuni colonization in broilers.
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Campylobacter jejuni , Campylobacter , Chickens , Cinnamomum aromaticum , Cinnamomum , Colon , Drinking WaterABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of total volatile oil from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. and Cyper-us rotundus L. in Hegan lipi granules. METHODS:With the extraction rate of total volatile oil as the index,Box-Behnken response surface method was applied to investigate the effects of water amount,soaking time for medicinal materials and extraction time by distillation on the amount of the extracted volatile oil and optimize the extraction technology of total volatile oil from C. cassia Pre-sl. and C. rotundus L. in Hegan lipi granules,and verification tests were conducted. RESULTS:The relevant coefficient of the es-tablished quadratic polynomial regression model of 3 variable factors was 0.970 5. The optimal extraction technology was as follows as 5 times as much as the amount of medicinal materials of water,soaking time of 2.5 h,extraction time of 6.0 h. Verification tests showed the extraction rate of total volatile oil was 1.65%,with a deviation rate lower than 2% compared to the predicted value of 1.67%. CONCLUSIONS:The established model is reliable with good predictability. The optimal technology can be used for the ex-traction of total volatile oil from C. cassia Presl. and C. rotundus L. in Hegan lipi granules.
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Background: Dyslipidemia is one of the important causes of cardiovascular disease related mortality and morbidity. Recently it has become a significant issue in public health problem of developing countries. The purpose of the study was to find a suitable solution for reducing blood lipid in dyslipidemic patients by conducting a research on the effect of cinnamon in hypercholesterolemic rats. Objective: To study the lipid lowering effect of Cinnamomum cassia on experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 30 male Long Evans rats weighing about 200--210 gram. For convenience, the study was divided into two experiments --- Experiment I and Experiment II. In experiment I, 12 animals were divided into two groups. One was Group A (n = 6, control group) fed on laboratory diet and the other was Group B (n = 6) fed on laboratory diet and cinnamon for 35 days. In experiment II, the remaining 18 rats were fed fatty mixture diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.25% cholic acid. The hypercholesterolemic rats were then divided into 3 groups, Group C, D, and E (n=6 in each group). Group D and Group E were additionally fed on cinnamon powder and tablet atorvastatin for 35 days respectively. Serum TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C were measured after 35 days. Results: Fatty mixture diet increased TG, TC and LDL-C significantly. Cinnamon treated fatty mixture diet group showed that Cinnamomum cassia decreased plasma TC, TG and LDL-C. Atorvastatin therapy decreased TC, TG and LDL-C levels significantly compared with the lowering effect of cinnamon. Conclusion: The results of this experimental study indicate that Cinnamomum cassia can act as a hypocholesterolemic agent and thereby can improve cardiovascular functions.
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Objective: To investigate the impact of essential oil (cinnamon oil) from Cinnamomum cassia (EOCC) on Clostridia flora IV and Bacteroides in gut of normal rats. Methods: SD rats were administered with EOCC (0.384 3 g/kg) for 30 d and the colon and rectal contents were sampled. The population, diversity, and distribution of Clostridium flora IV and Bacteroides in the samples were analyzed by the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) method based on the intestinal flora 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Results: Both the intestinal flora population, diversity, and distribution of Clostridia flora IV and Bacteroides changed significantly due to the injection, especially for Clostridia flora IV. Additionally, EOCC exerted the different effects on colon and rectal microflora. Conclusion: The effects of EOCC on Clostridia flora IV and Bacteroides in gut might be the functional mechanism of cinnamon oil in curing obesity and diabetes.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the barks of Cinnamomum cassia. Methods: Silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC were used to isolate the compounds. The structures of the compounds were identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties, spectroscopic data, and with the literature. Results: Fifteen compounds were isolated from the barks of C. cassia growing in China, including cinnzeylanine (1), anhydrocinnzeylanine (2), anhydrocinnzeylanol (3), cinnzeylanol (4), (-)-lariciresinol (5), evofolin B (6), 5'-medioresinol (7), (+)-syringaresinol (8), 2-hydroxyl cinnamie acid (9), 1, 10-seco-4ζ-hydroxy-muurol-ene-1, 10-diketone (10), (-)-epicatechin (11), kaempferol (12), proanthocyanidin A2 (13), stigmasterol (14), and stearic acid (15). Conclusion: Compounds 5-7 and 10 are lignans isolated from the plant for the first time, and compounds 1-4 are ryanodanediterpenes isolated from the barks of C. cassia growing in China for the first time.